[266], The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018. [233] The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.[234][235][236]. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,[185] family law,[186] asylum law,[187] and criminal justice. ", Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing migration from Africa and Asia, referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union, formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU, List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, list of urban areas in the European Union, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, UN Conference on Environment and Development, 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU, Directive on services in the internal market, Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, European Securities and Markets Authority, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship, Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, European Commissioner for the Environment, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union, Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, research and technological framework programmes, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, Special member state territories and the European Union, List of multilateral free-trade agreements, European Union–United Kingdom free trade agreement, Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe, "European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe", "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 (EU countries)", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey", "Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century", "The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities", "Activities of the European Union: Internal Market", "Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union", "Brexit day: end of an era as United Kingdom leaves EU – as it happened-GB", "European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 (global)", "A European Cultural Identity? The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU's dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system. 80% of its programming are provided in equal proportion by the two member companies, while the remainder is being provided by the European Economic Interest Grouping ARTE GEIE and the channel's European partners. The High Representative heads up the European External Action Service (EEAS), a unique EU department[196] that has been officially implemented and operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of the first anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. The French Defence budget is higher than that of Germany, Italy, or the UK (which left the EU in early 2020), see. Constitutionally, the EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation and a federation,[136][137] but has not formally defined itself as either. [191] The EU also operates the Schengen Information System[15] which provides a common database for police and immigration authorities. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. The UFT Welfare Fund provides dental benefits through two programs: the Scheduled Benefit Plan, which provides services through the Welfare Fund panel of dentists or a dentist of your choice; and Dentcare, a no-cost dental … The budget may still be approved if Hungary and Poland withdraw their vetos after further negotiations in the Council and the European Council. [298], Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the EU since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty. Dec 14, 2020 amazon While the holiday season is packed with cheer and yuletide fun, it also comes with stress, panic, and one too many last-minute shopping trips. The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on official occasions. The Dignity Memorial brand name is used to identify a network of licensed funeral, cremation and cemetery providers that include affiliates of Service Corporation International, 1929 Allen Parkway, Houston, Texas. [96][97], Due to the high number of official languages, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages. [311] Later that year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[71] followed by Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015. [274] Over the past 50 years, an increasingly dense network of legislation has been created, extending to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards, and biotechnology. [212] Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders. With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Cyprus and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. [e] This political philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii ("restoration of the empire"),[28] either in the forms of the Reichsidee ("imperial idea")[29] or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum ("christian empire"). dignity health employee benefits 2020 › Verified 9 days ago [269] A European Directive about Minimum Wage has also been discussed[270]. The United Kingdom became the first member state to leave the EU[19] on 31 January 2020. [x] In more recent years, these have been supplemented by powers to legislate against discrimination based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual orientation. This system has been criticised for under-cutting farmers outside Europe, especially those in the developing world. At the same time, the union provides an external constraint that prevents soft authoritarian regimes from progressing into hard dictatorships. [210], EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans and western Asia. (Irish version pictured), A European vehicle registration plate, consisting of a blue strip on the left side with the EU flag symbol, along with the country code of the member state in which the vehicle is registered. [215][216], In 2016, the average among EU countries was 0.4% and five had met or exceeded the 0.7% target: Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The currency union represents 342 million EU citizens. [55] This community helped to economically integrate and coordinate the large number of Marshall Plan funds from the United States. After the President, the most prominent Commissioner is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who is ex-officio a Vice-President of the Commission and is also chosen by the European Council. The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. This process applies to nearly all areas, including the EU budget. [157] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship, freedom, security and justice" bring up the rear with approximately 6% and 1% respectively.[157]. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government. Students will receive their move-in day and time slot early August. [58][59], During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power. The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards. Would I make more? [272][273] Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU's standard (Phare, ISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS). On January 1, 2019, Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) and Dignity Health came together to form a single healthcare organization called CommonSpirit Health, in a $29 billion megamerger.However, both organizations currently retain their identities. [116] The most religious countries were Malta (95%, predominantly Catholic) as well as Cyprus and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with about 90% of citizens professing a belief in their respective god. [p] Directives require member states to achieve a certain result while leaving them discretion as to how to achieve the result. ** July 4, 2020 (the legal public holiday for Independence Day), falls on a Saturday. Public Holidays 2020/21 . [255], The EU is working to improve cross-border infrastructure within the EU, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN). How much can a graduate of Dignity Healths Homemaker Care Program expect to be paid? Only four languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), and Maltese (Semitic), are not Indo-European languages. [240], Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. [134] Generally speaking, they can be classified into two groups: those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures (regulations) and those which specifically require national implementation measures (directives).[135]. [264], The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council (not to be confused with the aforementioned Council of the European Union). In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (Josep Borrell) also takes part in its meetings. The distribution of competences in various policy areas between Member States and the Union is divided in the following three categories: The EU is based on a series of treaties. [Updated March 10, 2021] U.S. Embassy Nassau is conducting visa interviews for all visa categories at this time; however, due to social distancing requirements, staffing, and current demand, the wait time for a visa interview appointment can be considerable. The new plan was expected to provide the European Union with greater flexibility to target and sanction those responsible for serious human rights violations and abuses around the world.[180]. [70] In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU. [66] In 1986, the European flag began to be used by the EEC[67] and the Single European Act was signed. The Communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit. The European Constitution in the Making. It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond. [52] In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Zürich, Switzerland, Winston Churchill went further and advocated the emergence of a United States of Europe. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. [174] Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law. Burgess, Michael (2000). The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.[248]. [117] The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%). The President and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and a half years. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe. 21–26. [128] [s] Previously, the EU itself could not accede to the convention as it is neither a state[t] nor had the competence to accede. [279] The European Green Capital is an annual award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy efficiency, and quality of life in urban areas to create smart city. Our move-in dates will be between August 29th, 2020 and September 6th, 2020. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. [156], In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness" with around 45% of the total budget. Furthermore, the European Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, as well as the source of law for the Charter of Fundamental Rights are created by the Council of Europe. San Jacinto Day commemorates the Battle of San Jacinto in what is now Harris County, Texas. In other policy areas the EU can only co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising national laws.[166]. International recognition of sustainable development as a key element is growing steadily. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and as of 2013[update] accounts for around 34%. In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.5 million university and college students and became a symbol of European student life.[284]. [267] The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1%. [ac] It was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies and market intervention. For the various levels of integration within European Countries including EU Member States, see, International organisations in which the union has membership, International cooperation and development partnerships, European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom), Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters, The 24 languages are equally official and accepted as working languages. The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty—whose main architects were Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand—came into force on 1 November 1993. The European Parliament is one of three legislative institutions of the EU, which together with the Council of the European Union is tasked with amending and approving the Commission's proposals. The unanimity and difficult issues treated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and then Étienne Hirsch. [107], Besides the 24 official languages, there are about 150 regional and minority languages, spoken by up to 50 million people. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in 1987. On 26 February 2016 it was made public that Cyprus has asked to make Turkish an official EU language, in a "gesture" that could help solve the division of the country. Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language and the European Parliament provides translation for documents and plenary sessions. The EU uses foreign relations instruments like the European Neighbourhood Policy which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. [1] Similarly, the Court of Justice of the European Union uses French as the working language,[98] while the European Central Bank conducts its business primarily in English. [53] The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to the creation of the European Movement International and of the College of Europe, where Europe's future leaders would live and study together.[54]. [203] 21 EU members are members of NATO[204] while the remaining member states follow policies of neutrality. See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord. Submit Holiday PTO in CORE Connect. Containing some 5.8% of the world population in 2020,[d] the EU had generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around US$15.5 trillion in 2019,[7] constituting approximately 18% of global nominal GDP. [281], In 2017, the EU emitted 9.1% of global greenhouse-gas emissions. Family Medical Leave of Absence (FMLA) Up to 12 weeks unpaid leave in any 12 month period. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London. Across the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those "positioning themselves on the right of the political scale". The EU offers financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive transformation. The Euro vs. Tasks for the President of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU,[143] driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council and over the periods between them. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. The Parliament is the final body to approve or reject the proposed membership of the commission, and can attempt motions of censure on the commission by appeal to the Court of Justice. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. [116], Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to 27 members. In 1929, the latter gave a speech in favour of a European Union before the assembly of the League of Nations, precursor of the United Nations. The largest metropolitan area in the EU is Paris,[89] followed by Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, the Ruhr, Rome, and Milan, all with a metropolitan population of over 4 million. [89], The European Union has 24 official languages: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish. [49] In a radio address in March 1943, with war still raging, Britain's leader Sir Winston Churchill spoke warmly of "restoring the true greatness of Europe" once victory had been achieved, and mused on the post-war creation of a "Council of Europe" which would bring the European nations together to build peace. [215] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).[142]. Context There is no place for any form of discrimination, harassment, victimisation or sexual misconduct at Cambridge. It elects the commission's president, must approve the College of Commissioners, and may vote to remove them collectively from office. [205] The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU. A CT scan of the heart can help predict a patient's risk of heart attack by checking for blockage in the coronary arteries. [112], The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe". Signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership. There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. These new paid sick leave and expanded family and medical leave requirements became operational on April 1, 2020, effective on April 2, 2020, and will expire on December 31, 2020. 2020 UFT Welfare Fund Prescription Benefit Records (PBR) have been mailed to all covered in-service members. Almost all uranium is imported and nuclear power is considered primary energy produced in the EU. [127] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level. [293][294][295], The EU has some of the highest levels of life expectancy in the world, with Spain, Italy, Sweden, France, Malta, Ireland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Greece all among the world's top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy. The Council of the European Union (also called the Council[149] and the "Council of Ministers", its former title)[150] forms one half of the EU's legislature. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".[118][119]. There is a significant variation in Nominal GDP per capita within individual EU states. The SDGs recognize that all countries must stimulate action in the following key areas – people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership – in order to tackle the global challenges that are crucial for the survival of humanity. [172] Because of the doctrines of direct effect and supremacy, many judgments of the Court of Justice are automatically applicable within the internal legal orders of the member states. The European Commission's Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people's health, on the consumers' rights, on the safety of food and other products. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty. [304], The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity. "[177] The Court of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has, on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those fundamental rights.[178]. This document details all of the prescriptions you filled during the year. [215] The EU's external action financing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments. ... 2020. This is intended to allow the market to dictate production levels. Trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state. "[328] However, R. Daniel Kelemen argues that the EU has proved beneficial to leaders who are overseeing democratic backsliding, as the EU is reluctant to intervene in domestic politics, gives authoritarian governments funds which they can use to strengthen their regimes, and because freedom of movement within the EU allows dissenting citizens to leave their backsliding countries. [230], As a political entity the European Union is represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states. [252], In 2007, EU countries as a whole imported 82% of their oil, 57% of their natural gas[254] and 97.48% of their uranium[251] demands. In 2010 the estimated network covers: 75,200 kilometres (46,700 mi) of roads; 78,000 kilometres (48,000 mi) of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.[256][257]. [201] The demand of Swiss People's Party (SPP) was, however, turned down, as the voters rejected SPP's demand for taking back immigration control. [199]:762 This influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as "soft power", as opposed to military "hard power". The EU's member states cover an area of 4,233,262 square kilometres (1,634,472 sq mi). In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[68]. [194] The CFSP requires unanimity among the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular issue. Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. Answer See 2 answers. [169], Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions. Patriot's Day commemorates the battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, which were two of the earliest battles in the American Revolutionary War. In the Time and Absences section, select Add Absence; From the Type drop down, select Paid Time Off ; In the When section, click Edit Entries button 16–22). p. 49. [217] If considered collectively, EU member states are the largest contributor of foreign aid in the world.[218][219]. Language policy", "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)", "Many tongues, one family. The EU is independent from the Council of Europe, although they share purpose and ideas, especially on the rule of law, human rights and democracy. The Frankish Empire has had a symbolic relevance for the building of Europe since the 20th century: EU citizens able to hold a conversation in this language, See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of the, This figure includes the extra-European territories of member states which are part of the European Union, and excludes the European territories of member states which are not part of the Union. The details of how they are to be implemented are left to member states. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members. Its members have a combined area of 4,233,255.3 km 2 (1,634,469.0 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 447 million. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004", Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, "European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations", "Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe", "The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium", Historical Archives of the European Union, Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained, The European Union: Questions and Answers, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union, Western European Union Mission Service Medal, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Directive on the re-use of public sector information, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. 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